How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students

How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Exposition Science Investigation Issue: How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Exposition The Plan We will compose a custom exposition on How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In my analysis I am going to perceive how light influences the pace of photosynthesis. To do this test I am going to set up the device as appeared in figure 1. The contraption I am going to utilize are the accompanying: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 Meter Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the examination I will set up the mechanical assembly first. I will right off the bat place the tripod on the base of the clasp stand and fill the 300ml recepticle with 250ml of water to make the water shower. I will put the manager in the bar on the brace stand and spot the cinch in the chief. I would then fill the bubbling cylinder 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and spot it in the cinch. I would put the ring cover around the clasp stand encompassing the water base. At last, I would connect the light and spot it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a fundamental examination to get a thought how to do the primary and legitimate trial and what might occur in the test. In the primer test we didnt utilize the shields so it wasnt reasonable investigation. We did this since it gave us the thought what issues we may confront when we did the primary investigation and gave us the thought how to do it. The pondweed ought to make photosynthesis by the accompanying condition: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis happens when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the encompassing air in its leaves and water from the close by soil in its underlying foundations. The leaves at that point take light vitality from the Sun, which is invested in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be utilized in photosynthesis. Glucose is created and is changed over into Starch to be put away. Oxygen is created from the water and it is a waste item so it is discharged into the air. The plant utilizes Carbon Dioxide and water to make Carbohydrates. Glucose is a little, solvent atom which is futile for a plant to use as vitality however it changes over it into Starch, which is a huge and insoluble particle, so it tends to be put away for to be changed over go into Glucose. I made this analysis as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. Right off the bat, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the bubbling cylinder to advance the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen air pockets would be created. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml measuring glass and in the bubbling cylinder the equivalent so the temperature could remain the equivalent, as that would influence the pace of photosynthesis. I put a ring fastener around the clip stand with the goal that outside light wouldnt be gathered by the pondweed and proceed with photosynthesis after I had exchanged of the light. I continually checked the temperature of the bubbling cylinder and the recepticle so it wouldnt influence the pace of photosynthesis. I utilized a thermometer to check the temperature and I utilized a water shower to manage the temperature of the bubbling cylinder. I constantly utilized a similar pondweed in the entirety of my analyses with the goal that the measure of chlorophyll would remain the equivalent and the measure of Oxygen created would likewise remain the equivalent. I anticipate that the measure of oxygen created by the pondweed should diminish as I increment the separation between the bubbling cylinder and the light. The pace of photosynthesis should diminish as I decline light power and it should increment as I increment the light force. .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postImageUrl , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:visited , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active { border:0!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4 915b9a0 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Depression And Mental Illness (Crime) EssayObtaining Evidence DistancePreliminary Attempt 10cm72 20cm54 30cm23 40cm18 50cm*22* This arrangement of results is the fundamental endeavor. The outcomes are off base since it wasnt a reasonable test, as I didnt utilize any protections. 22 has a star close to it since it is an irregularity. This is because of the way that no shields were utilized and conceivably the pondweed got remote light. Endeavors Distance12Average 10cm1206090 20cm68*65*68 30cm343132.5 40cm181516.5 50cm1099.5 These are the main arrangement of results finished with reasonable testing. The abnormality in these outcomes is 65 on the grounds that not the entirety of the Sodium Bicarbonate was blended in the bubbling cylinder with the . How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Article Science Investigation Issue: How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? Article The Plan We will compose a custom article on How does light influence the pace of photosynthesis? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In my analysis I am going to perceive how light influences the pace of photosynthesis. To do this trial I am going to set up the device as appeared in figure 1. The device I am going to utilize are the accompanying: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 Meter Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the examination I will set up the mechanical assembly first. I will right off the bat place the tripod on the base of the clasp stand and fill the 300ml container with 250ml of water to make the water shower. I will put the manager in the bar on the clip stand and spot the clasp in the chief. I would then fill the bubbling cylinder 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and spot it in the clasp. I would put the ring folio around the brace stand encompassing the water base. At long last, I would connect the light and spot it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a primer analysis to get a thought how to do the principle and legitimate trial and what might occur in the trial. In the fundamental examination we didnt utilize the protections so it wasnt reasonable test. We did this since it gave us the thought what issues we may confront when we did the principle analyze and gave us the thought how to do it. The pondweed ought to make photosynthesis by the accompanying condition: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis happens when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the encompassing air in its leaves and water from the close by soil in its underlying foundations. The leaves at that point take light vitality from the Sun, which is caught up in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be utilized in photosynthesis. Glucose is created and is changed over into Starch to be put away. Oxygen is delivered from the water and it is a waste item so it is discharged into the air. The plant utilizes Carbon Dioxide and water to make Carbohydrates. Glucose is a little, solvent atom which is futile for a plant to use as vitality however it changes over it into Starch, which is an enormous and insoluble particle, so it tends to be put away for to be changed over go into Glucose. I made this examination as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. Right off the bat, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the bubbling cylinder to enhance the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen air pockets would be created. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml recepticle and in the bubbling cylinder the equivalent so the temperature could remain the equivalent, as that would influence the pace of photosynthesis. I put a ring cover around the cinch stand with the goal that remote light wouldnt be gathered by the pondweed and proceed with photosynthesis after I had exchanged of the light. I continually checked the temperature of the bubbling cylinder and the recepticle so it wouldnt influence the pace of photosynthesis. I utilized a thermometer to check the temperature and I utilized a water shower to direct the temperature of the bubbling cylinder. I persistently utilized a similar pondweed in the entirety of my investigations so the measure of chlorophyll would remain the equivalent and the amoun

Lester Thurow Lecture Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Lester Thurow Lecture Essay, Research Paper The Economic Game of Our Era: U.S. Strength Drawing closer to the twenty-first century, universe financial framework turns out to be increasingly planetary. In today? s life, a few pieces of a point can be made in various states and brought together to deliver a finished result. Perceive a PC whose processor is made in U.S, by Intel, whose screen is originating from Japan, Toshiba, and whose other arranged parts are coming either from Taiwan or from Korea. Lester C. Thurow, a teacher of monetary sciences and course at the M.I.T, and the writer of the book? Building Wealth? , thinks about this age just like the third mechanical insurgency. He guarantees that this one varies from the previous two mechanical transformations, in a way that the initial two upheavals depended on the capital and land. In any case, the third transformation depends on the mechanical improvements, for example, registering machines, robots and so on. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lester Thurow Lecture Essay Research Paper The or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page , and cognizance. In the second transformation that made national monetary framework, the main idea was the? German Systematic Industrial Research? , research of land and capital. On the different manus, power that was concocted during this age, made the cutting edge life. The third 1 has made planetary financial framework. In each modern transformation there had been a predominant express that leaded to the universe monetary framework. In the main unrest, the British leaded to that age. In the second one, the prevailing state had been Germany over the British. What's more, in the end, in the late twentieth century, U.S. developed as a universe power in the last mechanical transformation. The requests to be asked are: How did U.S go the best in the modern universe and what are the groundss of this solid laterality? . The accomplishment of U.S. in the mechanical universe starts from state? s conventional development and capacity to equilibrate control and bedlam side. To get down with, America is doing the innovative occupations great and this perspective permits U.S to play? the round of closing down and opening new 1s? effectively. For case, in 1981 AT A ; T was tied in with hindering and in the 1984, the organization terminated in excess of five 100 thousand individuals so as to cut its over the top cash stream. Be that as it may, come ining twenty-first century, AT A ; T got one of the most solid phone organizations known to mankind. Regardless of whether the organization didn? t conclusion during 1980? s, they demonstrated a significant advancement in the business. Also, with regards to playing in an information based financial framework, U.S. drives the mechanical universe. For case, in Nevada gold creation has multiplied in the ongoing mature ages. Of carbon monoxide urse, the ground is non another found gold humility yet the innovative improvements. Nevada turned into the topographic point where 10 % of universe gold creation takes topographic point. Not simply did those two conventional development of the state made U.S. a pioneer known to man monetary framework yet adjacent to its capacity to equilibrate control and commotion sides served America well. Sing Lester Thurow, equilibrating those two things are well of import. Since, so as to set the imagination in financial utilization, a state ought to equilibrate both anarchy and order side. For case, the most originative state in the second 50% of twentieth century was likely Russia. Scholars like Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, and Pushkin, craftsmen, for example, Kandinsky, Tchaikovsky, and researchers like Pavlov, Mendeleev were grown up during this age. In any case, everything was so willy nilly and they couldn? T put this imagination in monetary utilization. They could non equilibrate the line betwe en the productiveness and request. What's more, they had lost the round of building. Nonetheless, U.S. building was non smothered by request. Since state? s productiveness can give the willing of society. As an impact, U.S. ? s laterality on the universe monetary framework has been a result of its conventional development like business enterprise and information based financial framework, and of its correct harmony among mayhem and order side. The groundss of this laterality go more clear in the wake of playing the game superior to other people. For representation, the wealthiest grown-up male known to mankind, Bill Gates, is from U.S. Today? s seven of the 25 greatest U.S. organizations didn? t exist in the 1960? s however all of 25 greatest organizations in Europe was at these occasions. Another delineation, while there were only two American houses among the universe? s ten biggest in 1990, nine of those houses were American in 1998. Also in account, in the 1990, none of the American Bankss was among the universe? s greatest 15, however at the 1998, nine of those were American. The last yet non least, as Lester C. Thurow demonstrates, during the decennary of 1990? s $ 2 trillion will be added to the U.S. Net household stock ( GDP ) . This whole is bigger than GDP? s of the considerable number of states known to man with the exception of Japan. Things being what they are, it? s clear that U.S. commanded universe monetary framework a little spot! Today, the name of the universe power is America. Its financial laterality on the universe is obviously the ground of this force. In an information based monetary framework, U.S. plays the game correctly as it ought to be. Also, as Lester C. Thurow references, the spread between U.S. also, different states expands and bigger.

The History Of The American Mafia Essays - Organized Crime

The History of the American Mafia Since the beginning, wrongdoing has existed in a wide range of structures and has been submitted by people, yet by bunches also. Wrongdoing is something that knows no boundries; it exists in all societies, is submitted by all races, and has existed in unequaled periods. Wrongdoing exists as a piece of the financial establishment and is a way of life for some individuals. Wrongdoing likewise exists in both sorted out and un composed structures. Since the mid 1900's, composed wrongdoing has existed in the United States. The accompanying will show where, when, and why the mafia went to the United States, who sorted out it in the United States, and how it varied from its starting points in the European mafia. In the ninth century, Sicily was involved by Arab powers. The local Sicilians were mistreated and took shelter in the encompassing slopes. The Sicilians shaped a mystery society to join the locals against the Arab and Norman intruders. This mystery society was called Mafia after the Arabic word for shelter. The general public's expectations were to make a feeling of family dependent on parentage and Sicilian legacy. In the 1700's, photos of a dark hand were appropriated to the well off. This was an implicit solicitation for a measure of cash as a byproduct of security. On the off chance that the cash wasn't paid, the beneficiaries could expect brutality, for example, kidnappings, bombings, and murder. By the nineteenth century, this general public became bigger and all the more criminally arranged. In 1876, Mafia Don Rafael Palizzolo, pursued political position in Sicily. He constrained the voters to decide in favor of him under gunpoint. In the wake of being chosen into office, he a dvanced Mafia Don Crispi as Prime Minister. Together the two put Sicily under government control and piped government assets to the general public known as the Mafia. In the 1800's, New Orleans was the biggest Mafia site in the United States. It was while exploring the homicide of an Italian foreigner that the present Police Chief, David Hennessey found the presence of this mystery society. Police Chief Hennessey was killed before this homicide case could go to preliminary. Twelve men were accused of this death however were lynched by a recently framed vigilante gathering. The Italian Ambassador requested that the vigilantes be attempted. President Harrison who negated of the vigilantes and gave a huge money repayment to the groups of the lynched men. This was a broadly advertised case as a result of its outside implications and the association of the President of the United States. Wear Vito, Vito Cascio Ferro, was the principal Sicilian Capo de Tutti Capi. He fled to the United States in 1901 to get away from capture and shaped a gathering of the Black Hand. Its' individuals were solidified crooks presently outlaws from Sicily. He is known as th e Father of the American Mafia. In 1924, Mussolini was resolved to free Italy of the Mafia such a significant number of individuals fled to the United States to keep away from mistreatment . This expanded the quantities of individuals in the association. These escaping Italians were very much aware there was cash to be made in the United States through coercion, prostitution, betting and bootlegging. Each enormous city before long had its own Mafia section. Forbiddance which was a legitimate restriction on the producer and offer of inebriating drinks created an influx of criminal behavior since there was huge cash to be made. During this time, criminals straightforwardly displayed their riches and influence. This period set up numerous youngsters as pioneers in the New Age American Mafia. Charles Luciano, conceived in 1897 in Sicily, came to New York in 1906. He prepared in the Five Points Gang, a Mafia team, under John Torrio. In this group, he became companions with Al Capone and other noticeable criminals. Luciano began his own prostitution racket in the mid 1920's and was in absolute control of prostitution in Manhattan by 1925. In 1929 he was grabbed, beaten and wounded severally with an icepick. He inexplicably endure however looked after omerta, which is a pledge never to uncover any Mafia mysteries or individuals under punishment of death or torment. By 1935, Luciano was known as The Boss of Bosses. He had recently settled Murder Inc. with Bugsy Siegel and Myer Lansky, two other well

How to Reduce Employee Stress - Free Essay Example

Stress is a major issue for modern businesses and managers in the contemporary working environment. Not only do stress related illnesses have a cost for organisations in terms of lost working hours and productivity, but higher levels of stress have also been associated with lower level of satisfaction, poorer quality service delivery, and higher levels of turnover (George and Zakkariya, 2015). This essay will thus look to carry out a critical review of theory and research into the various options and approaches which can be used to manage employee stress and ensure it does not reach an excessive level which could harm organisational performance and outcomes. One of the main themes in the literature is the important role that an employees immediate managers, and particularly line managers, can play in the management of stress. According to Donaldson-Feilder et al (2008), as line managers are responsible for organising employees and directly supervising their work, they are ideally positioned to address their psychological needs and manage work related stress. This indicates that line managers need to ensure they have developed and are able to apply the necessary skills to the management of employee stress in order to maintain levels of moral and performance. At the same time, research indicates that senior managers need to focus on empowering line managers and giving them the necessary support and delegated authority to manage stress among their teams, in order to help employees manage their stress proactively through planning, prioritizing and delegating work (Moyle, 2006, p. 48). This is an important issue, given recent findings that many line managers are themselves too stressed to help their employees deal with work related stress (Crawford, 2013). This indicates that the management of stress is an issue which requires managerial involvement at all levels, as build ups of excessive stress in any layer of an organisational hierarchy can trigger additional issues and performance problems. In addition to the direct management of stress, it is also important to recognise the role of leadership styles in creating an organisational environment in which the causes of stress are minimised. As noted by Huczynksi and Buchanan (2010), many managers continue to follow traditional supervisory leadership theories, through which they look to encourage and reward good performance and reprimand employees who fail to perform. However, there is a risk of this type of leadership resulting in an overly autocratic approach to the management of employees. A research study by Castledine (2004) showed that this style of leadership is associated with higher levels of stress, leading to a lack of commitment and risk of employee burn-out. This thus indicates one of the primary paradoxes in the management of stress, namely that a degree of stress is required in the form of pressure to perform and penalties for failure if employees are to be motivated to work hard, but above a certain level this stress can become destructive. As such, one of the core options for managing stress without eliminating it is to use transformational and participative leadership styles which will motivate employees to perform whilst providing them with support and motivation to avoid any issues of excess stress, and preventing a long term accumulation of stress which can cause damage to employee outcomes (Northhouse, 2011). In addition to the specific style of leadership, it is also important to recognise the role of individual employee factors, both inside and outside the organisation, in influencing levels of stress and the negativ e impacts which can result. This is particularly important in light of recent developments in the nature of work, including flexible labour markets and the rise in knowledge work. According to Robbins et al (2010), this has resulted in a growth in employee expectations around the rights and the obligations of organisations and employees, and a demand for organisations to also recognise these rights. This can cause conflict between organisational and employee priorities, particularly in the area of work life balance, and the extent to which demands placed on employees by organisations are fair and reasonable (Sturges and Guest, 2004). This is of importance in the context of employee stress, given that research has shown that a positive work life balance is one of the major factors in preventing the build up of stress and helping support healthier lifestyles for employees (Gregory and Milner, 2009). Ensuring a positive work life balance, which does not place excessive demands on emplo yees, is thus also key to managing levels of employee stress. The role of work life balance in controlling organisational stress is also linked to the general literature around the growing importance of the psychological contract. Evidence from the literature indicates that the formation of a strong psychological contract between an employee and their manager and organisation can help to boost levels of motivation and thus drive higher levels of performance (Watson, 2001). However, the psychological contract is also based on a strong recognition of the role of the organisation in supporting the employee with any specific issues or circumstances, in order to make them feel more valued (Abendroth et al, 2012). A failure to manage the psychological contract can result in perceptions by employees that the organisation and its managers have broken the contract, which can increase levels of stress and the negative impacts of stress on organisational outcome (Houston et al, 2006). This indicates that managers must be attuned to the implied promises in the psychological contracts they have developed with their employees and must honour these promises or risk high levels of employee stress and associated dissatisfaction. The ability of managers to identify and address these issues is also linked strongly to the level of managerial understanding around stress as an emotional issue. This in turn leads to the argument that managers who are able to deal better with stress and other emotional issues will be better at controlling them and reducing any associated negative impacts, causing Goleman et al (2002) to argue that emotional intelligence is now a vital competence for modern leaders. This argument is supported by Hughes et al (2005), who use theory to argue that emotional intelligence will help leaders to improve their level of understanding of the emotional behaviours and needs of employees, and thus allow them to respond to these issues in a supportive manner, building a more genuine relationship. This will thus improve the ability of managers to understand and address the causes of stress, helping to pre-empt the emergence of stress in the workplace. Managers can thus look to develop their emotional intelligence in order to improve their management of stress. Unfortunately, whilst emotional intelligence is one of the areas of management competence which is seen as amongst the most prominent in the management of stress, it is also one of the most controversial. On the one hand, Sadri (2012, p. 535) states that the components of emotional intelligence integrate with contemporary leadership development practices, which supports the argument that emotional intelligence is key to the development of effective leadership which can help manage stress. However, research and arguments by both Antonakis et al (2009) and Lindebaum (2009) indicate that whilst there are strong theoretical arguments for emotional intelligence, there is very limited statistical evidence to support these arguments. In particular, Lindebaum (2009) argues that the value of emotional intelligence is generally supported through the use of hyperbolic claims around the value of this competence in the management of stress and achievement of positive employee outcomes, however the empirical support for these arguments is very limited. As such, whilst the management of emotional issues and their potential negative impacts is widely supported in the literature as a method of managing employee stress, the existence of a single competence or capability which can ensure effective management of these complex issues is less clear. In conclusion, the literature indicates that there are a number of methods, techniques and approaches which can be used to ensure the effective management of stress. These include ensuring that line managers are empowered and trained in dealing with stress and are themselves protected from stress, and also ensuring that leadership styles are participative and transformational to ensure pressure to perform does not turn into high levels of stress. In addition to this, the organisation and its managers must support positive individual level factors such as work life balance and a psychological contract which establishes clear expectations and meets said expectations. There is also a strong argument that leaders and managers need to develop higher levels of emotional intelligence if they are to understand employee needs and emotional requirements and thus develop appropriate responses to address these needs and the stress they may cause. However, this argument is not well supported in the empirical literature, which indicates that the development of emotional intelligence may not be possible or feasible. Instead managers should look to respond to each situation individually and manage the stress which can result in order to keep overall levels of stress in their organisation at an acceptable level. References Abendroth, A. Lippe, T. Maas, I. (2012) Social support and the work hours of employed mothers in Europe: the relevance of state, the workplace, and the family. Social Science Research. 41(3) p581-597 Antonakis, J. Ashkanasy, N. and Dasborough, M. (2009). Does leadership need emotional intelligence? The Leadership Quarterly. 20, p247-261 Castledine, G. (2004). Role of hospital nursing in promoting patient recovery. British Journal of Nursing, 13 (7), 353 Crawford, R. (2013) Line managers too stressed to help staff. Employee Benefits. 11/22/2013, p3 Donaldson-Feilder, E. Yarker, J. and Lewis, R. (2008) Line management competence: the key to preventing and reducing stress at work. Strategic HR Review. 7(2) p11-16 Goleman D, Boyatzis R. and McKee R. (2002) The New Leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results. London: Sphere. Boston: Harvard Business School Press George, E. and Zakkariya, K. (2015) Job related stress and job satisfaction: a comparative study among bank employees. Journal of Management Development. 34(3) p316-329 Gregory, A, Milner, S. (2009) Editorial: work life balance: a matter of choice? Gender, Work and Organisation. 16(1) p1-13 Houston, D. Meyer, L. Paewai, S. (2006) Academic Staff Workloads and Job Satisfaction: Expectations and values in academe. Journal of Higher Education Policy Management. 28(1) p17-30 Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (2010) Organizational behaviour. 7th Edition. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Hughes, M. Patterson, L. Bonita, Terrell, J. (2005) Emotional intelligence in action: training and coaching activities for leaders and managers. London: Pfeiffer Lindebaum, D. (2009). Rhetoric or remedy? A critique on developing emotional intelligence. Academy of Management Learning Education. 8, p225-237 Moyle, P. (2006) How toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦reduce stress in the workplace. People Management. 12(16) p48-49 Northhouse, P. (2011) Introduction to Leadership: Conc epts and Practice. 2nd Edition. London: Sage Robbins, J. Judge, T. Campbell, T. (2010) Organisational behaviour. Harlow: Prentice Hall, Financial Times Sadri, G. (2012) Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Development. Public Personnel Management. 41(3) p535-548 Sturges, J. Guest, D. (2004) Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal. 14(4) p5-20 Watson, B. (2001) Report: A New Deal? Understanding the Psychological Contract. Public Money Management. 21(3) p57

Health Of Mental Health Promotion Programs - 2001 Words

The review will critically evaluate approaches implemented to promote mental health in the workplace by exploring evidence of effective strategies, additionally discussing challenges, limitations and gaps in literature. Based on this, the review will conclude that despite giving a deep understanding on the efficacy of mental health promotion programs in the workplace, there are still gaps in research that need to be addressed, leading to more questions than answers and therefore identifying opportunities to the way forward in this subject. A vital element of a healthy balanced lifestyle, psychological well-being is an increasingly significant subject in the workplace (Cattan Tilford 2006). As defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), health is A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 2016). In other words, this describes health holistically, not merely as the absence of illness, but in fact as complementary and linked with mental well-being. Workplace health promotion (WHP) and psychosocial risk management are the two central methods which combine workplace mental health promotion (WMHP) as well as mental ill health prevention (Sivris Leka, 2015) and focus on improving employees’ wellbeing, security and health. As Sivris Leka state, the WHO healthy workplaces model (HWM) was developed in line with this, with having a focus on the importance of effective WMHP and the importance of addressingShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Effectiveness And Cap ture The Experiences Of Adolescence That Went Through A School Based Mental Health Program1406 Words   |  6 Pagesadolescence that went through a school based mental health program in Sweden. The majority of programs that have been implemented for depression are cognitive behavioral therapy based. 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Evolution Versus Creation And The Theory Of Evolution

Evolution versus creation is one of the most controversial topics that have ever been exposed to the world. Scientist and creationist both argue that their perspective is more right than the other. In reality both sides don’t know the exact truth behind the creation of the world. Evolution is the process in which something changes into something different and typically resulting in it becoming more complex and better formed. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, suggested a theory best known as the â€Å"Theory of Evolution,† stating that animals evolved into species that could withstand the changing of the environment, increasing their ability to survive, and keeping the genetic traits that was passed onto them by their ancestors to reproduce offspring that are similar to them. The theory of evolution is a scientific theory that is tested mainly by observation and using the scientific methods. The scientific method is a process of forming replicas of the natural world to produce experiments to gather information in order to create a hypothesis and theories. The theory of evolution is supported by fossil evidence that has been accumulating throughout the Earth history. Creationism is a religious belief that a higher power created animals and everything else that exists on Earth today. This religious belief has been accepted by faith and there is no way to test or investigate whether this idea of a higher power is true. Creationism beliefs mainly come from a strictShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1342 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution is the fundamental idea in all of life science – in all of biology,† claims Bill Nye. Creation versus evolution is a controversial subject. Is creation a reliable model of origins to teach children in today’s scientific era? Where I stand on it is no it is not a reliable model. 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Database Management Systems free essay sample

The database approach to data management is sometimes called the flat file approach. ANS:FPTS:1 2. The database management system provides a controlled environment for accessing the database. ANS:TPTS:1 3. To the user, data processing procedures for routine transactions, such as entering sales orders, appear to be identical in the database environment and in the traditional environment. ANS:TPTS:1 4. An important feature associated with the traditional approach to data management is the ability to produce ad hoc reports. ANS:FPTS:1 5. The data definition language is used to insert special database commands into application programs. ANS:FPTS:1 6. There is more than one conceptual view of the database. ANS:FPTS:1 7. In the database method of data management, access authority is maintained by systems programming. ANS:FPTS:1 8. The physical database is an abstract representation of the database. Timestamping is a control that is used to ensure database partitioning. ANS:FPTS:1 8. A lockout is a software control that prevents multiple users from simultaneous access to data. ANS:TPTS:1 19. Logical database design is the foundation of the conceptual design. ANS:FPTS:1 20. An entity is any physical thing about which the organization wishes to capture data. ANS:FPTS:1 21. An ER diagram is a graphical representation of a data model. ANS:TPTS:1 22. The term occurrence is used to describe the number of attributes or fields pertaining to a specific entity. ANS:FPTS:1 23. Cardinality describes the number of possible occurrences in one table that are associated with a single occurrence in a related table. ANS:TPTS:1 24. A table in third normal form is free of partial dependencies, multiple dependencies, and transitive dependencies. ANS:FPTS:1 25. Improperly normalized databases are associated with three types of anomalies: the update anomaly, the insertion anomaly, and the deletion anomaly. ANS:TPTS:1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All of the following are basic data management tasks except a. |data deletion| b. |data storage| c. |data attribution| d. |data retrieval| ANS:CPTS:1 2. The task of searching the database to locate a stored record for processing is called a. |data deletion| b. |data storage| c. |data attribution| d. data retrieval| ANS:DPTS:1 3. Which of the following is not a problem usually associated with the flat-file approach to data management? a. |data redundancy| b. |restricting access to data to the primary user| c. |data storage| d. |currency of information| ANS:BPTS:1 4. Which characteristic is associated with the database approach to data management? a. |data sharing| b. |m ultiple storage procedures| c. |data redundancy| d. |excessive storage costs| ANS:APTS:1 5. Which characteristic is not associated with the database approach to data management? a. |the ability to process data without the help of a programmer| b. the ability to control access to the data| c. |constant production of backups| d. |the inability to determine what data is available| ANS:DPTS:1 6. The textbook refers to four interrelated components of the database concept. Which of the following is not one of the components? a. |the database management system| b. |the database sdministrator| c. |the physical database| d. |the conceptual database| ANS:DPTS:1 7. Which of the following is not a responsibility of the database management system? a. |provide an interface between the users and the physical database| b. |provide security against a natural disaster| c. ensure that the internal schema and external schema are consistent| d. |authorize access to portions of the database| ANS:CPTS:1 8. A description of the physical arrangement of records in the database is a. |the internal view| b. |the conceptual view| c. |the subschema| d. |the external view| ANS:APTS:1 9. Which of the following may provide many distinct views of the database? a. |the schema| b. |the internal view| c. |the user view| d. |the conceptual view| ANS:CPTS:1 10. Users access the database a. |by direct query| b . |by developing operating software| c. |by constantly interacting with systems programmers| d. |all of the above| The data definition language a. |identifies, for the database management system, the names and relationships of all data elements, records, and files that comprise the database| b. |inserts database commands into application programs to enable standard programs to interact with and manipulate the database| c. |permits users to process data in the database without the need for conventional programs| d. |describes every data element in the database| ANS:APTS:1 12. The data manipulation language a. |defines the database to the database management system| b. |transfers data to the buffer area for manipulation| c. enables application programs to interact with and manipulate the database| d. |describes every data element in the database| ANS:CPTS:1 13. Which statement is not correct? A query language like SQL a. |is written in a fourth-generation language| b. |requires user familiarity with COBOL| c. |allows users to retrieve and modify data| d. |reduces reliance on programmers| ANS:BPTS:1 14. Which duty is not the responsibility of the database administrator? a. |to develop and maintain the data dictionary| b. |to implement security controls| c. |to design application programs| d. |to design the subschema| ANS:CPTS:1 15. In a hierarchical model . |links between related records are implicit| b. |the way to access data is by following a predefined data path| c. |an owner (parent) record may own just one member (child) record| d. |a member (child) record may have more than one owner (parent)| ANS:BPTS:1 16. Which term is not associated with the relational database model? a. |tuple| b. |attribute| c. |collision| d. |relation| ANS:CPTS:1 17. In the relational database model a. |relationships are explicit| b. |the user perceives that files are linked using pointers| c. |data is represented on two-dimensional tables| d. |data is represented as a tree structure| ANS:CPTS:1 18. In the relational database model all of the following are true except a. |data is presented to users as tables| b. |data can be extracted from specified rows from specified tables| c. |a new table can be built by joining two tables| d. |only one-to-many relationships can be supported| ANS:DPTS:1 19. In a relational database a. |the user’s view of the physical database is the same as the physical database| b. |users perceive that they are manipulating a single table| c. |a virtual table exists in the form of rows and columns of a table stored on the disk| d. |a programming language (COBOL) is used to create a user’s view of the database| ANS:BPTS:1 20. The update anomaly in unnormalized databases a. |occurs because of data redundancy| b. |complicates adding records to the database| c. |may result in the loss of important data| d. |often results in excessive record insertions| ANS:APTS:1 21. The most serious problem with unnormalized databases is the a. |update anomaly| b. |insertion anomaly| c. |deletion anomaly| d. |none of the above| ANS:CPTS:1 22. The deletion anomaly in unnormalized databases a. |is easily detected by users| b. |may result in the loss of important data| c. |complicates adding records to the database| d. requires the user to perform excessive updates| ANS:BPTS:1 23. Which statement is correct? a. |in a normalized database, data about vendors occur in several locations| b. |the accountant is responsible for database normalization| c. |in a normalized database, deletion of a key record could result in the destruction of the audit trail| d. |connections between M:M tables are provided by a link table | ANS:DPTS:1 24. Which of the following is not a common form of conceptual database model? a. |hierarchical| b. |network| c. |sequential| d. |relational| ANS:CPTS:1 25. Which of the following is a relational algebra function? a. restrict| b. |project| c. |join| d. |all are relational algebra functions| ANS:DPTS:1 26. Which statement is false? a. | The DBMS is special software that is programmed to know which data elements each user is authorized to access. | b. |User programs send requests for data to the DBMS. | c. |During processing, the DBMS periodically makes backup copies of the physical database. | d. |The DBMS does not control access to the database. | ANS:DPTS:1 27. All of the following are elements of the DBMS which facilitate user access to the database except a. |query language| b. |data access language| c. |data manipulation language| . |data definition language| ANS:BPTS:1 28. Which of the following is a level of the database that is defined by the data definition language? a. |user view| b. |schema| c. |internal view| d. |all are levels or views of the database| ANS:DPTS:1 29. An example of a distributed database is a. |partitioned database| b. |centralized database| c. |networked database| d. |all are examples of distributed databases| ANS:APTS:1 30. Data currency is preserved in a centralized database by a. |pa rtitioning the database| b. |using a lockout procedure| c. |replicating the database| d. |implementing concurrency controls| ANS:BPTS:1 31. Which procedure will prevent two end users from accessing the same data element at the same time? a. |data redundancy| b. |data replication| c. |data lockout| d. |none of the above| ANS:CPTS:1 32. The advantages of a partitioned database include all of the following except a. |user control is enhanced| b. |data transmission volume is increased| c. |response time is improved| d. |risk of destruction of entire database is reduced| ANS:BPTS:1 33. A replicated database is appropriate when a. |there is minimal data sharing among information processing units| b. |there exists a high degree of data sharing and no primary user| c. there is no risk of the deadlock phenomenon| d. |most data sharing consists of read-write transactions| ANS:BPTS:1 34. What control maintains complete, current, and consistent data at all information processing units? a. |deadlock control| b. |replication control| c. |concurrency control| d. |gateway control| ANS:CPTS:1 35. Data concurrency a. |is a security issue in partitioned databases| b. |is implemented using timestamping| c. |may result in data lockout| d. |occurs when a deadlock is triggered| ANS:BPTS:1 36. Entities are a. |nouns that are depicted by rectangles on an entity relationship diagram| b. data that describe the characteristics of properties of resources| c. |associations among elements| d. |sets of data needed to make a decision| ANS:APTS:1 37. A user view a. |presents the physical arrangement of records in a database for a particular user| b. |is the logical abstract structure of the database| c. |specifies the relationship of data elements in the database| d. |defines how a particular user sees the database| ANS:DPTS:1 38. All of the following are advantages of a partitioned database except a. |increased user control by having the data stored locally| b. |deadlocks are eliminated| c. transaction processing response time is improved| d. |partitioning can reduce losses in case of disaster.

Public Versus Private Security an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Public Versus Private Security The role of security in the United States is extremely critical in preventing crimes. Today, the discipline faces rapid changes after the terror attacks of September 11, 2001. Security has never been tighter to curve terrorism in the country. Traditionally, the government provides security to protect its people and properties, maintain peace and order, and implement crime prevention measures. Thus, public law enforcement was created to carry out such duties to ensure safety in a democratic society since 1844. Public policing has provided essential services to achieve justice. Need essay sample on "Public Versus Private Security" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However, with the arrival of the industrial revolution where many infrastructures were built and large companies flourished, several private inpiduals began to establish their own security personnel to guard their properties. A series of reforms were initiated in the field of security and generated new needs. At present, there are more private security agencies than police agencies in America. According to the 9/11 Commission, 85 percent of the countrys infrastructures are owned and protected by the private sector. Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists:I'm not in the mood to write my essay. But I don't have the timeEssay writer professionals propose:Buy Essays Cheap Buy Written Essays Pay For College Essays Essay Writing Service Reviews The number of people employed by private security, moreover, is at least three times larger than the number employed by public law enforcement. The amount of money spent on private security is many times greater than state, county, and local law enforcement expenditures combined. (Morabito & Greenberg, 2005, p. 1, 6). The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that there are 16,661 public law enforcement agencies across America employing some 677,933 sworn officers. On the other hand, the number of private security agencies reached more than 10,000 with at least two million security officers. The U.S. private security service is a $39 billion industry and its demand is expected to grow by 4.3 percent by 2010. Private and public policing have similar functions that often overlap. In general both services want to deter crime, prevent loses, and bring wrongdoers to justice. Police and private officers respond to emergencies and perform life saving measures to victims of crimes and disasters. Despite these similarities in roles and responsibilities the two agencies differ in many ways. Public policing are offered by the local, state, tribal, and federal agencies whose main concerns are street crimes. Police officers are mandated to serve and protect the public as well as to enforce the law while private security officers are in business not to serve the general public but to safeguard the interests of inpiduals or organizations who hired them. The ultimate goal of private policing, which offers its services for a fee, is purely economic gain. It is a profit oriented service rather than restoring public order. Police officers are trained to be independent without bias in the performance of their duties. Meanwhile, private security officers are flexible executing tasks that they are paid to do and always on the side of their clients. As agents of the law, police are granted special powers or have higher authority to search, arrest, and detain unlike in the private sectors that are only deputized to use such powers like making a citizens arrest. Public police are accountable to the courts and to elected legislatures and executivesand they are formally charged with the enforcement of criminal laws and the prevention and detection of crime. (Joh, 2004, p. 57). Private security officers are simply accountable to their customers and employers and obligated to protect their needs. Private policing is categorized into corporate security and private security firms. Corporate security is maintained by large corporations where they have security departments to operate their own security measures. Private security firms contract their services to the public, banks, businesses and other entities. Their range of services consists of providing security guards, alarm monitoring, insurance investigation, armored transport, mobile patrol, protection of executives, forensic analyses, investigating corporate fraud, protection against computer crimes, and security consultation. In terms of employment, those in the public law enforcement have better chance of job security than those in the private and perhaps better benefits like retirement plans. There are high turnover rates in the private sector with insufficient pre-employment screening, minimal recruitment training, standards, and regulations. The training in public policing is rigid and candidates are thoroughly checked regarding their background information. Police officers have higher educational attainment compared to the private because of the existence of academies making sure that the candidates are adequately equipped for the job. At times, those in the public policing would take part time jobs in the private sector while others would take private security jobs as a stepping stone to become a police officer. As the largest provider of policing services in the country, private security firms more often are managed by former members of government law enforcement agencies like the police force, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, and military personnel. Primarily, those in private policing are focused in protecting assets and properties rather than crime. Its emphasis is on the preventive means rather than detecting and apprehending perpetuators to control crime and disorder. Private security officers have no civil protection since they do not hold legal powers and can be sued directly for illegal actions. In comparison to the public police, its private counterparts suffer from a serious legitimacy deficit. One of the main reasons for this is that they lack the laws justification. There are few, if any, statutes or laws that give the private security industry governmentally granted rights or powers. (Borja, 1998, 74). Many private security officers have specialized technical capabilities which not all the public law enforcement personnel do no possess. They have expertise in safeguarding computer networks, financial institutions, chemical plants, malls, hospitals, and others institutions. They are equipped with advanced technological resources to stop crime. Those who are under 25 years old and over 54 are likely to work in the private policing where women are also highly represented. Public law enforcement often faces lack of financial resources due to tight budgets. Their wages and morals are affected. However, the private security also suffers the same fate as the industry has become very competitive. As a result, members of both agencies try to augment their income by transferring to the other side or taking part time jobs during their off duty. Police officers easily gain the trust and confidence of the public as they are visible in the community unlike the private security officers who are confined in the offices and premises of corporations. In addition, private policing has a broad meaning that uses different job titles such as agents, safety patrol, private police, bodyguards, security guards, executive protection agents, mall security officer, and private patrol officer among others. Private security programs are generally organized to protect the assets of the organization, and to prevent and control loss. Equally important are controlling losses from vandalism, waste, fire, and natural disasters, as well as damage to reputation and standing in the community. (Lubrinco, 2002, 22). According to the Hallcrest surveys, public law enforcement has the following priorities: protection of lives and property, arrest/prosecute suspects, investigate criminal incidents, maintain public order, crime prevention, and community relations. Meanwhile, the private security priorities involved protection of lives and property, crime prevention, loss prevention, fire prevention, access control, and investigate criminal incidents. Partnership Realizing the potential force of private security in number and resources as well as its expertise, the government has initiated a partnership and collaborative effort between private and public law enforcement agencies in the country for the sole purpose of homeland security. It is perceived that this partnership is vital in preventing domestic and international terrorism. This cooperation will also fill the gap that the two agencies lack and define their overlapping roles to function effectively. In the past, the private security group has already been working with police by sharing information but this time the collaboration is serious enough to warrant such a noble mission by sharing one goal in defending the country from terrorist attacks. Working together, private security and law enforcement can realize impressive benefits: creative problem solving, increased training opportunities, information, data, and intelligence sharing, force multiplier opportunities, access to the community through private sector communications technology, and reduced recovery time following disasters. (Morabito & Greenberg, p. 3). Perhaps this would be the best time to develop trust with each other eliminating misunderstandings of the past and move forward to secure freedom from those who want to destroy it. Private and Public law enforcement have a lot to learn from each other. Each could complement the weakness of the other and affirm their strengths together as they open opportunities towards a manageable security plan for America. Unifying their resources and information gathering could lead to better and efficient crime prevention efforts. Coordinating and understanding the responsibilities of each other could likewise result in a more accurate and timely response during emergencies and disasters that could help and save numerous lives. Clearly this collaboration will have a positive impact not only on national security but in our communities knowing that the citizens are properly protected from the bad elements of society. Our country would be a better world to live if all security agencies of private and public joined forces to keep us safe. With terrorism at hand, efficient security measures are top priority but this could only be achieved if there is harmony among law enforcement agencies. References Morabito, A. Greenberg, S. (2005). Engaging the Private Sector to Promote Homeland Security: Law Enforcement-Private Security Partnerships. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance. NCJ210678. Retrieved February, 17, 2007, from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210678.pdf Joh, E. E. (2004). The Paradox of Private Policing. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol. 95, No. 1. Northwestern University, School of Law. 0091-4169/04/9501-0049 Borja, J. (1998). Some aspects of the private provision of security (with focus on policing). A Thesis. ERASMUS Programme in Law and Economics, University of Vienna. Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.boija.com/profile/thesis.htm Lubrinco Group Ltd., Inc. (2002). The Role of Private Security in Law Enforcement (Presented at the 1998 conference of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers). Specialized Training. Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.lubrinco.com/lgpvtsec.html

The Life of Abigail Adams essays

The Life of Abigail Adams essays This was written in the first person... I was born in November 11, 1744. My mothers name was Elizabeth Quincy Adams and My fathers name was Reverend William Smith. My mother was a descendent of the Quincys. A descendent of a 17th century puritan preacher, Thomas Shepard of Cambridge. My father and other forbearers were Congregational ministers. My father was a well-educated man. He was well-off. He was easy going and very friendly. He told me to "to say all the handsome things you could of persons, but not evil." I often went with my mother to help the needy. We would take food, fuel and clothing to them. We also visited the sick. As a child I was stubborn but shy. I was always sick. My parents, specially mother worried that I would have a short life span as many children that time did. I often complained to my sisters about my mother. I complained about how she was very protective. My mother Elizabeth expected obedience and good conduct out of her children. My father lightened things up a little. Our hou sehold wasnt very severe. My father balanced things out. People at the time believed that only boys should be admitted to the schools. So I like other woman that time didnt receive any formal education. But my grandmother taught me what I needed to know. But the lack of formal education spurred a interest in reading for me. Id read anything from the Bible, to poems, history, philosophy, essays, and sermons. I loved it, I was curious to know more and that was the way I learned. Reading created a bond between John Adams and me. John Adams was a graduate from Harvard, and started a career in law. John and I met a my sister, Marys wedding. I think John might at first been intimidated by me because he was intimidated my intelligent women. When we met I was fifteen and he was twenty-seven. We talked and read together. One evening, in the middle of a storm john g ...

Public Relations Campaigns Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Public Relations Campaigns - Lab Report Example It is necessary to tackle areas of the public relations campaign that are essential for the success organization of the Olympic Games. The main area of focus will be the 2012 London Olympic Games. Olympic Games have emerged as a significant international sporting event where several persons take part in diverse competitions. The event is held after every four years. It involves the participation of more than two hundred countries at any given time. Although the events are of international status, only good public relations exercise can ensure the success of the games. The organizers of such events have dedicated immense resources towards the public relations campaigns. A good example was the latest Olympic Games that held in London in the United Kingdom in the year 2012. The Olympic Games held in London majorly achieved its main objectives because many participants received their medals and raised the flag of their nations into the international limelight. However, there are doubts concerning whether the brand sponsors of the Olympics achieved their goals of conducting the public relations campaign for the games. While it is true that the games boosted the recession threatene d economy of the United Kingdom, the same cannot be true about all the products available for sale during that period (Matera & Artigue, 2010). A global public relations group called ECCO conducted an international survey on the effects of public relations campaign on the London 2012 Olympic Games and generated several findings. There is a wide held belief that the event changed Britain’s image on the positive note. It helped boost international trade and tourism for Britain. As a result, there have been increased positive perceptions about the products and services from Britain among the world community (Gregory, 2010). The intense public relation campaigns allowed the United Kingdom to

Pain spectacles rule the roost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pain spectacles rule the roost - Essay Example Of all other discriminations that we are aware of, Peter Singer (5 April 1973) had reminded us, â€Å"one should always be wary of talking of â€Å"the last remaining form of discrimination,†Ã¢â‚¬  which is the discrimination carried out by humans towards animals. He argued that like any racist or sexist, we believe that animals have an inferior status to us because they belong to some other species and calls this attitude, ‘speciecism’ (Singer, 5 April 1973). It is true that humans have never had the habit of viewing animals as equals. But are we as a species, sympathetic to even other human beings’ pain, once we shed the cultural and moralistic attires that we have learned to wear through human history, and stand naked in our basic human instincts? A comparison of our attitudes towards animals, especially in the context of our habit of entertaining ourselves in watching dog-fighting and bull fighting can be made with our attitude towards violence in spo rts. The logic is quite compulsive. Singer (5 April 1973) has rather been blunt in his arguments regarding animal liberation. He observed nonchalantly that â€Å"people who eat pieces of slaughtered non-humans every day find it hard to believe that they are doing wrong† (5 April 1973). The Roman elites who enjoyed the fighting spectacle between the enslaved humans used to bring perfumed hand kerchiefs to the venue to avoid the distasteful smell of blood becoming too strong.

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. The debate over minimum wage in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 years. It is a hot topic in labor, human interest, and especially in economics. Is the minimum wage too low? Is it too high? Should we have one at all? Does having a minimum legal wage help those who it is intended to help, or does it actually make them worse off? Theses questions are asked on a daily basis by interested parties. While there may not be one definitive correct answer, there are compelling arguments on both sides of the issue, and those who represent their â€Å"side† are passionate about their opinions. This is one of a few social topics about which people are generally not indifferent. Much of the adult workforce in the United States has worked a minimum wage job at some point in their career, so we can easily relate to the challenges that face today’s minimum wage workers. This paper is not intended to solve the debate over minimum wage, nor will it attempt to persuade the reader in one direction or the other regarding what should be done concerning minimum wage. The pages that follow will present a brief history of the minimum wage debate in the United States, and then present some of the arguments offered by both sides of the debate. A Brief History of Minimum Wage Although New Zealand was the first country to formally enact minimum wage legislation in 1896,[i] the United States was one of the first major industrialized nations to set a national wage floor for their workers. For decades during the industrial revolution, workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours, dangerous working conditions, and low wages. Small movements to develop a national minimum wage by labor unions and activist groups were met with predictable resistance from business people, and ultimately struck down by the U. S. Supreme Court. [ii] Finally, in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to alleviate some of the poor working conditions that mostly women and young children were subject to. Additionally, this act imposed a federally mandated minimum wage of $0. 25 per hour, with some exceptions. [iii] There have been subsequent pieces of legislation that continue to address and improve workers’ rights since that time, focusing more on quality of life issues rather than eliminating abuses by employers. Additionally, individual states now have the right to enact their own minimum wage, so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimum wage. Since 1938, the national minimum wage has been raised 21 times, most recently in 2009, and is currently $7. 25 per hour. Today, more than 90% of countries in the world have some sort of wage floor for their work force. [iv] The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favor of a minimum wage argue that it increases the standard of living of workers and reduces poverty. [v] Those workers that are paid minimum wage are unskilled laborers, perhaps first entering the job market. Without any marketable skills, the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a fair rate that will enable them to be self-sufficient until such time that they have learned a skill or trade that will allow them to work their way up from the low wage jobs. Without a minimum wage, employers would have significantly more market power than the workers – a monopsony – and that could result in the intentional collusion between employers regarding the wage they will offer. [vi] Absent this protection, workers would be forced to accept the artificially low wages, resulting in a very low quality of life. Additionally, the argument can be made that paying a â€Å"livable† minimum wage incentivizes workers to not only get a job, but to work hard to keep that job. When minimum wages are significantly greater than payments received through a social welfare system, people are rewarded for their hard work. If a person could receive an amount close to what they would earn at minimum wage through the welfare system, what motivation would they have to work the minimum wage job? In contrast, if workers are paid an amount that is considerably more, they will find and keep work. This serves another purpose, to decrease the cost of government administered social welfare programs by getting people off of welfare and onto payrolls. Another common argument made by those in favor of the minimum wage is that it actually helps to stimulate spending, improving overall economic conditions. [vii] The theory behind this argument is that low wage earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury items, minimum wage earners are likely to spend their entire paycheck. If there were an increase in the minimum wage, the people who would receive the pay increase would turn around and spend their new money. This would help to cover the costs of the increased wages as many businesses would see an almost immediate return through increased sales. While this argument seems to make sense, it must be clarified that no empirical evidence to support this claim could be found. Another argument made is that an increase in minimum wage helps to improve the work ethic of those who receive the increase. The implication is that if their employer is forced to give them a raise, they will be compelled to work harder to improve their efficiency and increase their productivity in return. Again, there is no evidence to either support or refute this claim, and opinions run strong regarding this argument. Perhaps the most basic and most often made argument in support of a national minimum wage law is that it is simply the correct thing to do, morally speaking. The idea that we should want to take care of each other and make sure that everyone made a comfortable wage is one of the most basic tenets of the philosophy of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws: On the other side of the argument are those who are opposed to increasing the minimum wage, as well as some who think it should be abolished altogether. Many businesspeople and economists are on this side of the debate, and they present some pretty compelling arguments. They argue that imposing an increase on the federally mandated minimum wage actually will do more economic harm than good. [viii] The main argument deals with the elasticity of demand regarding employment. A minimum wage increase actually reduces the quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the number of jobs. ix] Simply put, employers are likely not going to increase their salary budget, so if the hourly wages increase, then they must reduce the number of hours of work that they are paying for. This could result in the exact opposite impact of that which is intended. Those earning the minimum wage and are facing reduced hours or even being let go will find themselves much worse off as a result of an increase than leaving it at its current rate. Additionally, often the way out of e arning minimum wage is through skills learned through those minimum wage jobs. If there are fewer of these jobs as a result of the wage being higher, fewer people will be able to learn the skills needed to move up on a career path and break the cycle of poverty. Secondly, if employers are unwilling or unable to reduce the number of hours they pay their employees, they will simply attempt to make up the increased salary expense through increased prices. On a small scale, this may not have a large impact on the overall economy. When this is done on a large scale because many employers need to cover their increased costs, this is likely to lead to inflation. x] Higher salaries necessitate higher prices which will erode most if not all of the benefits of the increase in pay. The minimum wage workers will have the same buying power as before, but because of unnecessary inflation, the lower middle class will actually face the biggest impact because their wages will not have increased but their purchasing power will also have eroded. Another area that may be impacted by a mandated wage increase is training. As most workers who earn the minimum wage typically have little education and training, their biggest chance to work their way into a higher paying job is through on the job training. One part of an employer’s budget that could face cuts would be for providing training to employees. Often employers provide training to their employees that would help them advance in their career, but may not be completely necessary in their current position. Unnecessary expenses such as this will most likely be trimmed, resulting in fewer opportunities for the working poor. [xi] Perhaps the simplest argument is if a minimum wage worker is producing $4. 00 per hour worth of product, and then the federal minimum wage is raised to $5. 0, the employer must find a way to increase the workers marginal productivity or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One final thought from opponents is that once all of the aforementioned arguments are considered, there are more effective ways of helping address the issue of poverty. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong example of one of the more effective ideas, rather than putting the burden of poverty on em ployers, it is shifted to the government. [xii] Empirical Data: When considering both sides of this debate, it is important to realize who are the workers earning minimum wage, and what role they have in providing for their families. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the minimum wage in 2005 (most recent information available), more than one half (53%) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college students, and most of them do not work a full time schedule. Two thirds are members of families who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poverty level based on their family size. Less than 17 percent are the only wage earners in their families, and less than 6 percent are poor single mothers. [xiii] What does this information tell us? The most important thing is that an increase in the minimum wage would target a majority of people who may not be living in poverty and are otherwise not in need of direct assistance. The far-reaching effects of raising minimum wages across the board in order to get help to the approximately 22 percent of earners who are truly living in poverty seems to be at the least ineffective, and at worst it could epresent a terrible misstep in economic policy. It is difficult if not impossible to identify the jobs lost because of minimum wage, but it is very easy to identify the additional income for a minimum wage worker. This is often the first retort from minimum wage advocates in response to arguments made by the other side. Alison Wellington’s research found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage resulted in a 0. 6% decrease in teenage employment, with no effect on unemployment rates. [xiv] A study along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting results. They concluded that minimum wage resulted in a reduction in employment opportunities for low skilled workers, it was most harmful to poverty-stricken families, and that it lowers the adult wages of young workers by reducing their ultimate level of education. [xv] There are countless studies on both sides of the issue, and each one only solidifies each side in their existing opinion. No matter what position one takes regarding the minimum wage debate, there are a multitude of studies available to support it. The seemingly obvious fact is that these small increases that are enacted every few years are never enough to truly make a difference in bringing a person or a family out of poverty. A fifty cent increase in the minimum wage results in about $20 more per week for a full time worker. In my estimation, it is quite unlikely that small amount is making the difference in a person or a family living in poverty and living comfortably. A study of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimum wage completely eliminated while 37. 7% want the minimum wage increased. [xvi] Such division among even the most expert economists shows exactly how contentious this issue is, and that there is no black and white, right or wrong answer to solve the debate. Perhaps as time goes on and there is more historical data to review, there may be a more definitive answer regarding this debate. Until such time, both sides will most likely remain entrenched in their current position.

The Cost of Equal Opportunity: An in Depth Look at the College Tuition

The idea of freedom and equal opportunity that America was built on has sadly been lost and replaced with a system of quality education only being accessible by the wealthy. In-state college tuition should be free for all students meeting admission requirements, allowing students from the full spectrum of economic backgrounds to have the same opportunity to receive the same education. The incidence of poverty in the U.S. is directly linked to educational level. When a college degree is earned, income levels rise (College Board). The best use of federal government anti-poverty funds is not another welfare or assistance program; it is to make college education affordable for everyone. A high school education is no longer sufficient to succeed in America’s increasingly complex economy. However, because of the high price point of a college education, far too many Americans are unable to afford education beyond high school. As shown in the graph below, the higher level of education received greatly increases the chances for employment and also dramatically increases the average salary potential of an individual. (College Board) With more Americans falling to the lower middle class, (Curtis) action needs to be taken to ensure that young Americans are not priced out of college because the price of tuition is so high. In addition, many of our top private universities are in danger of being accessible only to those from the most affluent families. With the total price tag of a bachelor's degree from a top-tier U.S. College or university hovering around $150,000, even some of the most highly sought-after high school graduates are turning down universities like Yale and Stanford in favor of more economical options -- com... ...ebruary, 2010. 6 May, 2012. Woodruff, Mandi. â€Å"Even a PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps.† Business Insider. 9 May, 2012. 11 May, 2012. Murray, Sara. â€Å"Numbers On Welfare See Sharp Increase.† The Wall Street Journal. 22 Jun. 2009. 20 May. 2012. Curtis, Jack. â€Å"America's Sinking Middle Class.† American Thinker. 5 Apr. 2010. 19 May. 2012. Lucas, Fred. â€Å"Obama Will Spend More on Welfare in the Next Year Than Bush Spent on Entire Iraq War, Study Reveals.† CNS News. 22 Sep. 2009. 19 May. 2012.

Behaviors in Organizations

Positive psychology refers to the study of the processes and conditions which contribute to the functioning and thriving of the people and communities. (Gable and Haidt, 2005). Positive Psychology Center in University of Pennsylvania state that there are three main concern of positive psychology. First is the positive emotion which include study on the contentment, happiness and hope of oneself. The other one is positive individual traits which entail the study of strengths and virtues.And positive institutions involve the study of strengths that promote better communities. (Positive Psychology Center,2002) Positive psychology according to Mary can be used effectively within the executive coaching context by helping coaches in identifying the client’s vision of what they want and then they turn it into reality by focusing in positive emotions. Positive emotions can have significant impact on increasing intuition, creativity and widening of attention. In this context coaches fo cuses on what energizes and pull people forward. (Stober and Grant, 2006).According to Foxhall (2002), coaching not only focus in helping executive identify his/her strengths and weakness, but also include other areas of focus such as serving as a sounding board for strategic decision-making, helping employees manage their stress, mediating conflicts between executives and coaching newly promoted employee with no background in supervising. It is very important for the coaches to identify the client’s visions and strengths in order to have a deeper understanding of what are the capabilities and limitation of one self.It is also important because it can help the coach on how what way to approach their clients in order to improve their performance in the work area. Realizing the strengths can achieve levels of satisfaction and meaning in one self. Positive psychology is a great tool in the executive coaching context. It identifies the strengths of the client which is very benefi cial in attaining the goals and in achieving levels of satisfaction. Focusing on the positive emotion can really help boost the creativity and intuition of the client. References: Foxhall, K. (2002). More psychologists are attracted to the executive coaching field.Monitor on Psychology,. 33 (4). Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http://www. apa. org/monitor/apr02/executive. html Gable, S. & Haidt, J (2005). What (and Why) is Positive Psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2). Retrieved October 3,2007 from http://faculty. virginia. edu/haidtlab/articles/gable. haidt. what-is-positive-psychology. pdf Seligman, M. E. P (2007). Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http://www. ppc. sas. upenn. edu/aboutus. htm Stober, D. R. , & Grant, A. M. (2006). Evidence based coaching handbook. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Information Assurance And Security Issues - 1308 Words

Information Security Issues J00496794 Shravya gone Abstract This paper presents the information security risks in daily life. In this paper I will discuss the information assurance risks and discuss each threat by providing asset, threat source, threat cause and provide the countermeasures for each threat. This paper also provides the background of the issues (i.e, literature review) and ends with the conclusion and the future work. Introduction Nowadays information assurance is one of the most challenging field. It has a crucial role in our daily life. Information security is securing the information and its components. We can define the value of information by its categories such as availability, integrity, confidentiality. Management†¦show more content†¦People have many details in the smart phones like credit card, debit card details and all the passwords, when this is lost then that would be the big issue. †¢ Threat Source Category: Unintentional Insider can be the threat category for mobile device attacks. †¢ Information Asset: Cell phones and laptop itself is the information asset †¢ Asset Category: Data/ Information is the asset category. †¢ Threat Cause: Negligence is the cause of the threat. Countermeasures: The basic prevention countermeasure is a strong password for the laptop and the mobile device. Must install the GPS tracker in our laptop and mobile phone so that we can track the device when it is lost or stolen. Should activate the microphones even though if the phone is off. Must install a protection software and also should not enable the automatic login to the applications. The final thing is backup the data frequently. Social Media: The employees accessing their social media sites from the company s network results in risks when they click on the malicious links on social networking sites which let the hijackers attack their system. If the hackers target the employee in the company then he will gather all the information about the employee like Facebook profile, mobile devices, passwords, working hours and also tracks the target. We also face the danger by some applications like games from where the hackers can gain the passwords and personal information. †¢ Threat SourceShow MoreRelatedInformation Security And Assurance Department924 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Security and Assurance Department Because of identity theft, terrorism, and other criminal activities, President Obama has made information security a national priority. Not only is information security and assurance an American priority, it is also a global issue. 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