Public Versus Private Security an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Public Versus Private Security The role of security in the United States is extremely critical in preventing crimes. Today, the discipline faces rapid changes after the terror attacks of September 11, 2001. Security has never been tighter to curve terrorism in the country. Traditionally, the government provides security to protect its people and properties, maintain peace and order, and implement crime prevention measures. Thus, public law enforcement was created to carry out such duties to ensure safety in a democratic society since 1844. Public policing has provided essential services to achieve justice. Need essay sample on "Public Versus Private Security" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However, with the arrival of the industrial revolution where many infrastructures were built and large companies flourished, several private inpiduals began to establish their own security personnel to guard their properties. A series of reforms were initiated in the field of security and generated new needs. At present, there are more private security agencies than police agencies in America. According to the 9/11 Commission, 85 percent of the countrys infrastructures are owned and protected by the private sector. Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists:I'm not in the mood to write my essay. But I don't have the timeEssay writer professionals propose:Buy Essays Cheap Buy Written Essays Pay For College Essays Essay Writing Service Reviews The number of people employed by private security, moreover, is at least three times larger than the number employed by public law enforcement. The amount of money spent on private security is many times greater than state, county, and local law enforcement expenditures combined. (Morabito & Greenberg, 2005, p. 1, 6). The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that there are 16,661 public law enforcement agencies across America employing some 677,933 sworn officers. On the other hand, the number of private security agencies reached more than 10,000 with at least two million security officers. The U.S. private security service is a $39 billion industry and its demand is expected to grow by 4.3 percent by 2010. Private and public policing have similar functions that often overlap. In general both services want to deter crime, prevent loses, and bring wrongdoers to justice. Police and private officers respond to emergencies and perform life saving measures to victims of crimes and disasters. Despite these similarities in roles and responsibilities the two agencies differ in many ways. Public policing are offered by the local, state, tribal, and federal agencies whose main concerns are street crimes. Police officers are mandated to serve and protect the public as well as to enforce the law while private security officers are in business not to serve the general public but to safeguard the interests of inpiduals or organizations who hired them. The ultimate goal of private policing, which offers its services for a fee, is purely economic gain. It is a profit oriented service rather than restoring public order. Police officers are trained to be independent without bias in the performance of their duties. Meanwhile, private security officers are flexible executing tasks that they are paid to do and always on the side of their clients. As agents of the law, police are granted special powers or have higher authority to search, arrest, and detain unlike in the private sectors that are only deputized to use such powers like making a citizens arrest. Public police are accountable to the courts and to elected legislatures and executivesand they are formally charged with the enforcement of criminal laws and the prevention and detection of crime. (Joh, 2004, p. 57). Private security officers are simply accountable to their customers and employers and obligated to protect their needs. Private policing is categorized into corporate security and private security firms. Corporate security is maintained by large corporations where they have security departments to operate their own security measures. Private security firms contract their services to the public, banks, businesses and other entities. Their range of services consists of providing security guards, alarm monitoring, insurance investigation, armored transport, mobile patrol, protection of executives, forensic analyses, investigating corporate fraud, protection against computer crimes, and security consultation. In terms of employment, those in the public law enforcement have better chance of job security than those in the private and perhaps better benefits like retirement plans. There are high turnover rates in the private sector with insufficient pre-employment screening, minimal recruitment training, standards, and regulations. The training in public policing is rigid and candidates are thoroughly checked regarding their background information. Police officers have higher educational attainment compared to the private because of the existence of academies making sure that the candidates are adequately equipped for the job. At times, those in the public policing would take part time jobs in the private sector while others would take private security jobs as a stepping stone to become a police officer. As the largest provider of policing services in the country, private security firms more often are managed by former members of government law enforcement agencies like the police force, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, and military personnel. Primarily, those in private policing are focused in protecting assets and properties rather than crime. Its emphasis is on the preventive means rather than detecting and apprehending perpetuators to control crime and disorder. Private security officers have no civil protection since they do not hold legal powers and can be sued directly for illegal actions. In comparison to the public police, its private counterparts suffer from a serious legitimacy deficit. One of the main reasons for this is that they lack the laws justification. There are few, if any, statutes or laws that give the private security industry governmentally granted rights or powers. (Borja, 1998, 74). Many private security officers have specialized technical capabilities which not all the public law enforcement personnel do no possess. They have expertise in safeguarding computer networks, financial institutions, chemical plants, malls, hospitals, and others institutions. They are equipped with advanced technological resources to stop crime. Those who are under 25 years old and over 54 are likely to work in the private policing where women are also highly represented. Public law enforcement often faces lack of financial resources due to tight budgets. Their wages and morals are affected. However, the private security also suffers the same fate as the industry has become very competitive. As a result, members of both agencies try to augment their income by transferring to the other side or taking part time jobs during their off duty. Police officers easily gain the trust and confidence of the public as they are visible in the community unlike the private security officers who are confined in the offices and premises of corporations. In addition, private policing has a broad meaning that uses different job titles such as agents, safety patrol, private police, bodyguards, security guards, executive protection agents, mall security officer, and private patrol officer among others. Private security programs are generally organized to protect the assets of the organization, and to prevent and control loss. Equally important are controlling losses from vandalism, waste, fire, and natural disasters, as well as damage to reputation and standing in the community. (Lubrinco, 2002, 22). According to the Hallcrest surveys, public law enforcement has the following priorities: protection of lives and property, arrest/prosecute suspects, investigate criminal incidents, maintain public order, crime prevention, and community relations. Meanwhile, the private security priorities involved protection of lives and property, crime prevention, loss prevention, fire prevention, access control, and investigate criminal incidents. Partnership Realizing the potential force of private security in number and resources as well as its expertise, the government has initiated a partnership and collaborative effort between private and public law enforcement agencies in the country for the sole purpose of homeland security. It is perceived that this partnership is vital in preventing domestic and international terrorism. This cooperation will also fill the gap that the two agencies lack and define their overlapping roles to function effectively. In the past, the private security group has already been working with police by sharing information but this time the collaboration is serious enough to warrant such a noble mission by sharing one goal in defending the country from terrorist attacks. Working together, private security and law enforcement can realize impressive benefits: creative problem solving, increased training opportunities, information, data, and intelligence sharing, force multiplier opportunities, access to the community through private sector communications technology, and reduced recovery time following disasters. (Morabito & Greenberg, p. 3). Perhaps this would be the best time to develop trust with each other eliminating misunderstandings of the past and move forward to secure freedom from those who want to destroy it. Private and Public law enforcement have a lot to learn from each other. Each could complement the weakness of the other and affirm their strengths together as they open opportunities towards a manageable security plan for America. Unifying their resources and information gathering could lead to better and efficient crime prevention efforts. Coordinating and understanding the responsibilities of each other could likewise result in a more accurate and timely response during emergencies and disasters that could help and save numerous lives. Clearly this collaboration will have a positive impact not only on national security but in our communities knowing that the citizens are properly protected from the bad elements of society. Our country would be a better world to live if all security agencies of private and public joined forces to keep us safe. With terrorism at hand, efficient security measures are top priority but this could only be achieved if there is harmony among law enforcement agencies. References Morabito, A. Greenberg, S. (2005). Engaging the Private Sector to Promote Homeland Security: Law Enforcement-Private Security Partnerships. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance. NCJ210678. Retrieved February, 17, 2007, from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210678.pdf Joh, E. E. (2004). The Paradox of Private Policing. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol. 95, No. 1. Northwestern University, School of Law. 0091-4169/04/9501-0049 Borja, J. (1998). Some aspects of the private provision of security (with focus on policing). A Thesis. ERASMUS Programme in Law and Economics, University of Vienna. Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.boija.com/profile/thesis.htm Lubrinco Group Ltd., Inc. (2002). The Role of Private Security in Law Enforcement (Presented at the 1998 conference of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers). Specialized Training. Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.lubrinco.com/lgpvtsec.html

The Life of Abigail Adams essays

The Life of Abigail Adams essays This was written in the first person... I was born in November 11, 1744. My mothers name was Elizabeth Quincy Adams and My fathers name was Reverend William Smith. My mother was a descendent of the Quincys. A descendent of a 17th century puritan preacher, Thomas Shepard of Cambridge. My father and other forbearers were Congregational ministers. My father was a well-educated man. He was well-off. He was easy going and very friendly. He told me to "to say all the handsome things you could of persons, but not evil." I often went with my mother to help the needy. We would take food, fuel and clothing to them. We also visited the sick. As a child I was stubborn but shy. I was always sick. My parents, specially mother worried that I would have a short life span as many children that time did. I often complained to my sisters about my mother. I complained about how she was very protective. My mother Elizabeth expected obedience and good conduct out of her children. My father lightened things up a little. Our hou sehold wasnt very severe. My father balanced things out. People at the time believed that only boys should be admitted to the schools. So I like other woman that time didnt receive any formal education. But my grandmother taught me what I needed to know. But the lack of formal education spurred a interest in reading for me. Id read anything from the Bible, to poems, history, philosophy, essays, and sermons. I loved it, I was curious to know more and that was the way I learned. Reading created a bond between John Adams and me. John Adams was a graduate from Harvard, and started a career in law. John and I met a my sister, Marys wedding. I think John might at first been intimidated by me because he was intimidated my intelligent women. When we met I was fifteen and he was twenty-seven. We talked and read together. One evening, in the middle of a storm john g ...

Public Relations Campaigns Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Public Relations Campaigns - Lab Report Example It is necessary to tackle areas of the public relations campaign that are essential for the success organization of the Olympic Games. The main area of focus will be the 2012 London Olympic Games. Olympic Games have emerged as a significant international sporting event where several persons take part in diverse competitions. The event is held after every four years. It involves the participation of more than two hundred countries at any given time. Although the events are of international status, only good public relations exercise can ensure the success of the games. The organizers of such events have dedicated immense resources towards the public relations campaigns. A good example was the latest Olympic Games that held in London in the United Kingdom in the year 2012. The Olympic Games held in London majorly achieved its main objectives because many participants received their medals and raised the flag of their nations into the international limelight. However, there are doubts concerning whether the brand sponsors of the Olympics achieved their goals of conducting the public relations campaign for the games. While it is true that the games boosted the recession threatene d economy of the United Kingdom, the same cannot be true about all the products available for sale during that period (Matera & Artigue, 2010). A global public relations group called ECCO conducted an international survey on the effects of public relations campaign on the London 2012 Olympic Games and generated several findings. There is a wide held belief that the event changed Britain’s image on the positive note. It helped boost international trade and tourism for Britain. As a result, there have been increased positive perceptions about the products and services from Britain among the world community (Gregory, 2010). The intense public relation campaigns allowed the United Kingdom to

Pain spectacles rule the roost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pain spectacles rule the roost - Essay Example Of all other discriminations that we are aware of, Peter Singer (5 April 1973) had reminded us, â€Å"one should always be wary of talking of â€Å"the last remaining form of discrimination,†Ã¢â‚¬  which is the discrimination carried out by humans towards animals. He argued that like any racist or sexist, we believe that animals have an inferior status to us because they belong to some other species and calls this attitude, ‘speciecism’ (Singer, 5 April 1973). It is true that humans have never had the habit of viewing animals as equals. But are we as a species, sympathetic to even other human beings’ pain, once we shed the cultural and moralistic attires that we have learned to wear through human history, and stand naked in our basic human instincts? A comparison of our attitudes towards animals, especially in the context of our habit of entertaining ourselves in watching dog-fighting and bull fighting can be made with our attitude towards violence in spo rts. The logic is quite compulsive. Singer (5 April 1973) has rather been blunt in his arguments regarding animal liberation. He observed nonchalantly that â€Å"people who eat pieces of slaughtered non-humans every day find it hard to believe that they are doing wrong† (5 April 1973). The Roman elites who enjoyed the fighting spectacle between the enslaved humans used to bring perfumed hand kerchiefs to the venue to avoid the distasteful smell of blood becoming too strong.

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. The debate over minimum wage in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 years. It is a hot topic in labor, human interest, and especially in economics. Is the minimum wage too low? Is it too high? Should we have one at all? Does having a minimum legal wage help those who it is intended to help, or does it actually make them worse off? Theses questions are asked on a daily basis by interested parties. While there may not be one definitive correct answer, there are compelling arguments on both sides of the issue, and those who represent their â€Å"side† are passionate about their opinions. This is one of a few social topics about which people are generally not indifferent. Much of the adult workforce in the United States has worked a minimum wage job at some point in their career, so we can easily relate to the challenges that face today’s minimum wage workers. This paper is not intended to solve the debate over minimum wage, nor will it attempt to persuade the reader in one direction or the other regarding what should be done concerning minimum wage. The pages that follow will present a brief history of the minimum wage debate in the United States, and then present some of the arguments offered by both sides of the debate. A Brief History of Minimum Wage Although New Zealand was the first country to formally enact minimum wage legislation in 1896,[i] the United States was one of the first major industrialized nations to set a national wage floor for their workers. For decades during the industrial revolution, workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours, dangerous working conditions, and low wages. Small movements to develop a national minimum wage by labor unions and activist groups were met with predictable resistance from business people, and ultimately struck down by the U. S. Supreme Court. [ii] Finally, in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to alleviate some of the poor working conditions that mostly women and young children were subject to. Additionally, this act imposed a federally mandated minimum wage of $0. 25 per hour, with some exceptions. [iii] There have been subsequent pieces of legislation that continue to address and improve workers’ rights since that time, focusing more on quality of life issues rather than eliminating abuses by employers. Additionally, individual states now have the right to enact their own minimum wage, so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimum wage. Since 1938, the national minimum wage has been raised 21 times, most recently in 2009, and is currently $7. 25 per hour. Today, more than 90% of countries in the world have some sort of wage floor for their work force. [iv] The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favor of a minimum wage argue that it increases the standard of living of workers and reduces poverty. [v] Those workers that are paid minimum wage are unskilled laborers, perhaps first entering the job market. Without any marketable skills, the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a fair rate that will enable them to be self-sufficient until such time that they have learned a skill or trade that will allow them to work their way up from the low wage jobs. Without a minimum wage, employers would have significantly more market power than the workers – a monopsony – and that could result in the intentional collusion between employers regarding the wage they will offer. [vi] Absent this protection, workers would be forced to accept the artificially low wages, resulting in a very low quality of life. Additionally, the argument can be made that paying a â€Å"livable† minimum wage incentivizes workers to not only get a job, but to work hard to keep that job. When minimum wages are significantly greater than payments received through a social welfare system, people are rewarded for their hard work. If a person could receive an amount close to what they would earn at minimum wage through the welfare system, what motivation would they have to work the minimum wage job? In contrast, if workers are paid an amount that is considerably more, they will find and keep work. This serves another purpose, to decrease the cost of government administered social welfare programs by getting people off of welfare and onto payrolls. Another common argument made by those in favor of the minimum wage is that it actually helps to stimulate spending, improving overall economic conditions. [vii] The theory behind this argument is that low wage earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury items, minimum wage earners are likely to spend their entire paycheck. If there were an increase in the minimum wage, the people who would receive the pay increase would turn around and spend their new money. This would help to cover the costs of the increased wages as many businesses would see an almost immediate return through increased sales. While this argument seems to make sense, it must be clarified that no empirical evidence to support this claim could be found. Another argument made is that an increase in minimum wage helps to improve the work ethic of those who receive the increase. The implication is that if their employer is forced to give them a raise, they will be compelled to work harder to improve their efficiency and increase their productivity in return. Again, there is no evidence to either support or refute this claim, and opinions run strong regarding this argument. Perhaps the most basic and most often made argument in support of a national minimum wage law is that it is simply the correct thing to do, morally speaking. The idea that we should want to take care of each other and make sure that everyone made a comfortable wage is one of the most basic tenets of the philosophy of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws: On the other side of the argument are those who are opposed to increasing the minimum wage, as well as some who think it should be abolished altogether. Many businesspeople and economists are on this side of the debate, and they present some pretty compelling arguments. They argue that imposing an increase on the federally mandated minimum wage actually will do more economic harm than good. [viii] The main argument deals with the elasticity of demand regarding employment. A minimum wage increase actually reduces the quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the number of jobs. ix] Simply put, employers are likely not going to increase their salary budget, so if the hourly wages increase, then they must reduce the number of hours of work that they are paying for. This could result in the exact opposite impact of that which is intended. Those earning the minimum wage and are facing reduced hours or even being let go will find themselves much worse off as a result of an increase than leaving it at its current rate. Additionally, often the way out of e arning minimum wage is through skills learned through those minimum wage jobs. If there are fewer of these jobs as a result of the wage being higher, fewer people will be able to learn the skills needed to move up on a career path and break the cycle of poverty. Secondly, if employers are unwilling or unable to reduce the number of hours they pay their employees, they will simply attempt to make up the increased salary expense through increased prices. On a small scale, this may not have a large impact on the overall economy. When this is done on a large scale because many employers need to cover their increased costs, this is likely to lead to inflation. x] Higher salaries necessitate higher prices which will erode most if not all of the benefits of the increase in pay. The minimum wage workers will have the same buying power as before, but because of unnecessary inflation, the lower middle class will actually face the biggest impact because their wages will not have increased but their purchasing power will also have eroded. Another area that may be impacted by a mandated wage increase is training. As most workers who earn the minimum wage typically have little education and training, their biggest chance to work their way into a higher paying job is through on the job training. One part of an employer’s budget that could face cuts would be for providing training to employees. Often employers provide training to their employees that would help them advance in their career, but may not be completely necessary in their current position. Unnecessary expenses such as this will most likely be trimmed, resulting in fewer opportunities for the working poor. [xi] Perhaps the simplest argument is if a minimum wage worker is producing $4. 00 per hour worth of product, and then the federal minimum wage is raised to $5. 0, the employer must find a way to increase the workers marginal productivity or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One final thought from opponents is that once all of the aforementioned arguments are considered, there are more effective ways of helping address the issue of poverty. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong example of one of the more effective ideas, rather than putting the burden of poverty on em ployers, it is shifted to the government. [xii] Empirical Data: When considering both sides of this debate, it is important to realize who are the workers earning minimum wage, and what role they have in providing for their families. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the minimum wage in 2005 (most recent information available), more than one half (53%) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college students, and most of them do not work a full time schedule. Two thirds are members of families who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poverty level based on their family size. Less than 17 percent are the only wage earners in their families, and less than 6 percent are poor single mothers. [xiii] What does this information tell us? The most important thing is that an increase in the minimum wage would target a majority of people who may not be living in poverty and are otherwise not in need of direct assistance. The far-reaching effects of raising minimum wages across the board in order to get help to the approximately 22 percent of earners who are truly living in poverty seems to be at the least ineffective, and at worst it could epresent a terrible misstep in economic policy. It is difficult if not impossible to identify the jobs lost because of minimum wage, but it is very easy to identify the additional income for a minimum wage worker. This is often the first retort from minimum wage advocates in response to arguments made by the other side. Alison Wellington’s research found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage resulted in a 0. 6% decrease in teenage employment, with no effect on unemployment rates. [xiv] A study along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting results. They concluded that minimum wage resulted in a reduction in employment opportunities for low skilled workers, it was most harmful to poverty-stricken families, and that it lowers the adult wages of young workers by reducing their ultimate level of education. [xv] There are countless studies on both sides of the issue, and each one only solidifies each side in their existing opinion. No matter what position one takes regarding the minimum wage debate, there are a multitude of studies available to support it. The seemingly obvious fact is that these small increases that are enacted every few years are never enough to truly make a difference in bringing a person or a family out of poverty. A fifty cent increase in the minimum wage results in about $20 more per week for a full time worker. In my estimation, it is quite unlikely that small amount is making the difference in a person or a family living in poverty and living comfortably. A study of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimum wage completely eliminated while 37. 7% want the minimum wage increased. [xvi] Such division among even the most expert economists shows exactly how contentious this issue is, and that there is no black and white, right or wrong answer to solve the debate. Perhaps as time goes on and there is more historical data to review, there may be a more definitive answer regarding this debate. Until such time, both sides will most likely remain entrenched in their current position.

The Cost of Equal Opportunity: An in Depth Look at the College Tuition

The idea of freedom and equal opportunity that America was built on has sadly been lost and replaced with a system of quality education only being accessible by the wealthy. In-state college tuition should be free for all students meeting admission requirements, allowing students from the full spectrum of economic backgrounds to have the same opportunity to receive the same education. The incidence of poverty in the U.S. is directly linked to educational level. When a college degree is earned, income levels rise (College Board). The best use of federal government anti-poverty funds is not another welfare or assistance program; it is to make college education affordable for everyone. A high school education is no longer sufficient to succeed in America’s increasingly complex economy. However, because of the high price point of a college education, far too many Americans are unable to afford education beyond high school. As shown in the graph below, the higher level of education received greatly increases the chances for employment and also dramatically increases the average salary potential of an individual. (College Board) With more Americans falling to the lower middle class, (Curtis) action needs to be taken to ensure that young Americans are not priced out of college because the price of tuition is so high. In addition, many of our top private universities are in danger of being accessible only to those from the most affluent families. With the total price tag of a bachelor's degree from a top-tier U.S. College or university hovering around $150,000, even some of the most highly sought-after high school graduates are turning down universities like Yale and Stanford in favor of more economical options -- com... ...ebruary, 2010. 6 May, 2012. Woodruff, Mandi. â€Å"Even a PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps.† Business Insider. 9 May, 2012. 11 May, 2012. Murray, Sara. â€Å"Numbers On Welfare See Sharp Increase.† The Wall Street Journal. 22 Jun. 2009. 20 May. 2012. Curtis, Jack. â€Å"America's Sinking Middle Class.† American Thinker. 5 Apr. 2010. 19 May. 2012. Lucas, Fred. â€Å"Obama Will Spend More on Welfare in the Next Year Than Bush Spent on Entire Iraq War, Study Reveals.† CNS News. 22 Sep. 2009. 19 May. 2012.

Behaviors in Organizations

Positive psychology refers to the study of the processes and conditions which contribute to the functioning and thriving of the people and communities. (Gable and Haidt, 2005). Positive Psychology Center in University of Pennsylvania state that there are three main concern of positive psychology. First is the positive emotion which include study on the contentment, happiness and hope of oneself. The other one is positive individual traits which entail the study of strengths and virtues.And positive institutions involve the study of strengths that promote better communities. (Positive Psychology Center,2002) Positive psychology according to Mary can be used effectively within the executive coaching context by helping coaches in identifying the client’s vision of what they want and then they turn it into reality by focusing in positive emotions. Positive emotions can have significant impact on increasing intuition, creativity and widening of attention. In this context coaches fo cuses on what energizes and pull people forward. (Stober and Grant, 2006).According to Foxhall (2002), coaching not only focus in helping executive identify his/her strengths and weakness, but also include other areas of focus such as serving as a sounding board for strategic decision-making, helping employees manage their stress, mediating conflicts between executives and coaching newly promoted employee with no background in supervising. It is very important for the coaches to identify the client’s visions and strengths in order to have a deeper understanding of what are the capabilities and limitation of one self.It is also important because it can help the coach on how what way to approach their clients in order to improve their performance in the work area. Realizing the strengths can achieve levels of satisfaction and meaning in one self. Positive psychology is a great tool in the executive coaching context. It identifies the strengths of the client which is very benefi cial in attaining the goals and in achieving levels of satisfaction. Focusing on the positive emotion can really help boost the creativity and intuition of the client. References: Foxhall, K. (2002). More psychologists are attracted to the executive coaching field.Monitor on Psychology,. 33 (4). Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http://www. apa. org/monitor/apr02/executive. html Gable, S. & Haidt, J (2005). What (and Why) is Positive Psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2). Retrieved October 3,2007 from http://faculty. virginia. edu/haidtlab/articles/gable. haidt. what-is-positive-psychology. pdf Seligman, M. E. P (2007). Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http://www. ppc. sas. upenn. edu/aboutus. htm Stober, D. R. , & Grant, A. M. (2006). Evidence based coaching handbook. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.